Training vines to a trellis increases the amount of leaf area with full sun exposure, which leads to increased yields and better fruit quality. How do I. Associated Links. Associated Links Publications. That will give us 72 inches 1. Not as dense as our goal of 6 buds per foot. That will give us 96 inches 2. Again, this bud density is only half as dense as our goal of 6 buds per foot. Two fruiting wires. Each fruiting wire has one cane trained right from the trunk and one cane trained left from the trunk.
Without doing redundant math, we can easily see that our bud linear density will be double that of a bilateral cane system, or 6 buds per linear foot.
That is exactly our target bud density. One fruiting wire. Each fruiting wire has one cordon trained to the right from the trunk and one cordon trained to the left from the trunk. Ideally we would have a spur every 4 inches 10 cm. This will be true with vinifera at 6-foot 1. In practicality, getting spurs exactly every 4 inches 10 cm may be hit or miss, so extra buds can be retained if the spur spacing is more than 4 inches 10 cm.
Each fruiting wire has one cordon trained right from the trunk and one cane trained left from the trunk. Again without doing redundant math, we can see that our bud linear density will be double that of a bilateral cane system, or 12 buds per linear foot of row. Quadrilateral cordons are usually implemented on a double canopy aka double curtain trellis system, so the 6 buds per linear foot of canopy will still be achieved. The decision to cane prune or spur prune can be a personal choice, or it may be a choice that is influenced by the winter damage.
For example, I like cane pruning because I usually get much more symmetrical bud spacing. In this case I may use spur pruning for the first foot of cordon or so, and then lay a short cane down from the last cordon node to fill out the wire to the adjacent vine. There are numerous trellis and training systems available to the grape grower, but for simplicity in this discussion we will select five that are commonly used.
FAK and UK are not acronyms that are frequently used, but we will use them during this discussion. The GDC is actually a double canopy so each canopy is bilateral cordon. The three-wire trellis is implemented with the wires at various heights, but a typical example is where the bottom wire is placed approximately 30 inches 76 cm from the ground, the top wire placed at the top of the post, and the other wire in-between the top and bottom wires.
The FAK is a quadrilateral cane system with two canes on the top wire and two canes on a mid-wire. This system allows for sufficient bud retention and uses the inexpensive three-wire trellis. The upper two canes usually produce larger shoots than the bottom two canes, and shading can become a problem. Skirting the shoots when they touch the ground is also required. If you already have a three wire trellis in place, the FAK is a good way to get adequate bud count per linear foot, but the canopy can become thick and entangled, and considerable leaf pulling and shoot hedging is required.
I would not recommend the FAK as a trellis and training system for a new vineyard design, unless the low cost of building a three wire trellis is imperative. If you already have a three wire trellis installed, the FAK is a viable system. The UK is implemented by tying the trunk to the bottom wire and developing the renewal spur zone at the second wire or just below the top wire. Either a bilateral cane system or a quadrilateral cane system is implemented.
The canes start in the spur renewal zone by the second wire, and then are draped over the top wire and tied down at the second wire, forming arches on both sides of the trunk.
Another system suitable for American grapes and hybrids is the Umbrella kniffen system. With this system, there are two wires upper and lower stretched between posts.
The tips of the bent canes are tied to the lower wire to create an arrangement that resembles an umbrella see Figure 1. If the chosen variety is French then it is likely that the plant will have an upward growth habit and the trellis design will need to reflect this. The VSP system is suitable for smaller varieties and generally consists of between 4 and 6 wires stretched between posts. The cordons are trained to grow along the bottom-most wire which is usually positioned about 3 ft from the ground.
The shoots are then trained to grow upwards using the wires above see Figure 2. It is common to prune the shoot tips to a uniform height and create a hedge-like appearance. Figure 2. Trellis design for French grape varieties. The growth habit of grapevine cultivars influences how easily they can be trained to a particular trellis.
Low- cordon trellises, such as the Vertical Shoot Positioned VSP or the Lyre systems, are best suited to cultivars with upright growth habits. This includes most Vitis vinifera cultivars and many hybrids. Many hybrid cultivars with semi-upright growth habits can be easily trained to either high- or low-cordon systems.
Expense is another important factor in choosing a trellis.
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