Though modern computer systems have become much faster and more complex than their earlier counterparts, they still perform the same basic type of computer processing. At their very basic level of function, CPUs are made up of an array of transistors that through a series of binary electrical states of 1s and 0s — or "on" and "off" states — perform mathematical and logical operations that together add up to computer processing capability.
The instructions fed to a CPU by a software program alter the states of these transistors to perform calculations for the software program. These results are then usually fed back to RAM memory for use by the software program. There are four distinct states that processing goes through in order to produce meaningful data output for any program. These states are commonly referred to as fetch, decode, execute and writeback.
A logical file is viewed in terms of what data items it contains and what processing operations may be performed on the data. A physical file is viewed in terms of how the data items found in a file are arranged on the storage media and how they can be processed.
Arrange the following components of the information system data hierarchy in ascending order of complexity:. They are used to prepare reports, which can ve printed at a later date, e. It contains records that are fairly permanent or semi-permanent, e. Deductions in caution money, wage rates, tax deductions, employees address, price lists etc. Methods of file organization i Sequential and serial. In sequential file organization , records are stored in a sorted order using a.
In random file organization , records are stored in the file randomly and accessed directly, while in indexed —sequential , the records are stored sequentially but accessed directly using an index. Records are in a file are stored and accessed one after another on a storage medium iv Indexed sequencial file organization method. Similar to sequential method, only that an index is used to enable the computer to locate individual records on the storage media.
Strictly speaking, it is a processing mode : the execution of a series of programs each on a set or "batch" of inputs, rather than a single input which would instead be a custom job. However, this distinction has largely been lost, and the series of steps in a batch process are often called a "job" or "batch job".
Disadvantages - Users are unable to terminate a process during execution, and have to wait until execution completes. Kirjaudu Luo tili. Introduction Data procesing refers to the transformating raw data into meaningful output. Processing is the transformation of the input data to a more meaningful form information in the CPU Output is the production of the required information, which may be input in future.
The difference between data collection and data capture. Underflow Truncation: 0. Human error, whether malicious or unintentional. Transfer errors, including unintended alterations or data compromise during transfer from one device to another. Compromised hardware, such as a device or disk crash. Computer Studies. Form 1. This can be anything from a small background task, such as a spell-checker or system events handler to a full-blown application like Internet Explorer or Microsoft Word.
All processes are composed of one or more threads. Since most operating systems have many background tasks running, your computer is likely to have many more processes running than actual programs. For example, you may only have three programs running, but there may be twenty active processes. The term "process" can also be used as a verb, which means to perform a series of operations on a set of data. For example, your computer's CPU processes information sent to it by various programs.
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